1. The Rent Reality: Units vs. Houses

In 2026, the “Melbourne is more expensive” myth has been busted—partially. While Melbourne’s houses remain pricier, its high density of apartments (33% of the market) means units are often cheaper and more available than in Perth.

Housing TypeMelbourne (2026)Perth (2026)The Winner
Median Weekly Rent (All)$604$710+Melbourne
1-Bedroom Apt (City)$530 – $580$580 – $650Melbourne
3-Bedroom House$620 – $700$750 – $850Melbourne
Vacancy Rate1.8%0.6%Melbourne

2026 Insight: Perth is currently in a severe supply squeeze. You may have the money, but finding an available property in Perth is significantly harder than in Melbourne right now.



2. Groceries: The “Supply Chain” Tax

Perth’s isolation continues to impact food costs in 2026, though the gap is narrowing as logistics improve.

  • Melbourne: Grocery prices are roughly 4.9% lower than in Perth. A standard weekly shop for a single person averages $157.
  • Perth: High transport costs for fresh produce (especially in winter) drive the weekly average to $196.
  • The “Coffee Test”: A flat white in Melbourne’s CBD remains a steady $5.00, while Perth’s trendy cafes in Leederville have pushed toward $5.80.



3. Transport: The 2026 “Go Anywhere” Revolution

This is where the battle is won or lost. In January 2026, the WA Government launched a landmark fare restructure.

  • Perth (The Winner): The new “Go Anywhere” Fare has slashed Transperth costs. A standard 2-zone journey is now just $3.50, and many student fares are effectively free during school terms.
  • Melbourne: Public transport fares rose in early 2026. The daily capped fare for Zone 1+2 is now $11.40 (Full Fare) or $5.70 (Concession).
  • Annual Savings: A regular commuter in Perth will save roughly $620/year compared to a Melbourne commuter.



4. Utilities & Extras

  • Electricity: Perth remains the “Cheapest Capital” for utilities in 2026, averaging $305/month compared to Melbourne’s $360/month.
  • Dining Out: Melbourne wins on variety. You can find “Cheap Eats” (under $15) in every suburb. In Perth, dining out is generally 5-8% more expensive due to higher labor and supply costs.



The 2026 Verdict

  • Choose MELBOURNE if: You prioritize housing choice, lower grocery bills, and a vibrant, low-cost arts and dining culture.
  • Choose PERTH if: You have a high-paying job (especially in Mining/Energy) to offset the rent, and you want to take advantage of the most affordable public transport in Australia.

1. Queen Mary Building (QMB) – $417/week

QMB remains the “Gold Standard” for value-seeking USyd students in 2026.

  • The Deal: A single room in this high-rise in Camperdown is currently priced at $417/week (on a 52-week contract).
  • Why it Wins: It’s all-inclusive. You get a private bedroom but share massive, state-of-the-art kitchens and sky-lounges. In 2026, it also features a rooftop garden and 24/7 gym access.
  • Proximity: A 5-minute walk to the main Camperdown campus gates.



2. Darlington House – $335/week

For those who prefer a “heritage” feel over a high-rise, Darlington House is the cheapest official university option.

  • The Deal: A “Medium” room starts at just $335/week—the lowest price point for any university-managed accommodation in 2026.
  • Why it Wins: It’s a series of converted terrace houses on Darlington Road. It feels more like a “real home” than a dormitory. Note that bathrooms and kitchens are shared with a smaller group of residents.
  • Proximity: Literally on the edge of the Darlington Campus.



3. The Regiment Building – $374/week

Located right next to the business school, The Regiment is the most “modern” budget-friendly choice.

  • The Deal: A standard single room is $374/week in 2026.
  • Why it Wins: It was built with a “technology-first” mindset. It has some of the fastest Wi-Fi on campus and unique “pod” style study spaces that are perfect for introverts.
  • Proximity: 2-minute walk to the Abercrombie Building.



4. Scape Glebe (Shared Twin) – $380/week

If USyd-managed housing is full (which is common by March 2026), private providers like Scape offer shared configurations that hit the budget mark.

  • The Deal: A “Twin Share” room in Glebe typically ranges from $350–$390/week.
  • Why it Wins: You get the perks of a luxury building (cinema, game rooms, organized social events) for half the price of a studio. Glebe is also the “chill” side of campus, filled with bookstores and quiet cafes.
  • Proximity: A 10-minute walk through Victoria Park to USyd.



5. OTTO Newtown (Shared Apartment) – $320/week

For the student who wants the Newtown lifestyle without the “crumbling terrace” issues.

  • The Deal: Shared rooms in modern complexes like OTTO can be found for $320–$350/week.
  • Why it Wins: Newtown is the cultural heart of the Inner West. Living here gives you access to the best cheap eats on King Street. These modern blocks offer much better security and insulation than the old Victorian houses nearby.
  • Proximity: A 15-minute walk or a 5-minute bus ride to campus.



2026 Price & Amenity Snapshot

Building2026 Weekly RentBathroom TypeVibe
Darlington House$335Shared (Terrace)Homey/Quiet
The Regiment$374Shared (Modern)Tech/Social
Scape Glebe$380Ensuite (Twin)Luxury/Social
QMB$417Shared (Large)Vibrant/High-rise
Private Share (Newtown)$350SharedIndependent/Arty

1. Randwick

Randwick is the “Academic Hub” of the L2 line.

  • The Commute: 4–6 minutes. The L2 line runs from Randwick Station directly to the UNSW High Street stop.
  • Why it Wins: It’s quieter than Kingsford but offers the same proximity. In 2026, it’s the preferred choice for Medical and Health Science students due to the Prince of Wales Hospital proximity.
  • 2026 Rent: Rooms in older flats average $420–$480/week.



2. Surry Hills

For students who want a “Big City” lifestyle without the 45-minute bus ride.

  • The Commute: 12–14 minutes. The Light Rail flies down Devonshire Street, bypassing all the car traffic on Anzac Parade.
  • Why it Wins: It’s Sydney’s foodie capital. You can finish class at 4:00 PM and be at a world-class cafe in Surry Hills by 4:15 PM.
  • 2026 Rent: Competitive. Small rooms in terrace share houses can be found for $390–$450/week.



3. Moore Park

Often overlooked, the residential pockets near Moore Park offer a high-speed gateway to campus.

  • The Commute: 8 minutes. You are only two stops away from the UNSW Anzac Parade Click to open side panel for more information entrance.
  • Why it Wins: In 2026, the green space of Moore Park is a major mental health perk. It’s ideal for students who want to run or exercise between lectures.
  • 2026 Rent: Modern apartments average $750/week for a 1-bedroom, but shared rooms in older blocks are roughly $380/week.

4. Daceyville

Located just one stop past the Kingsford terminus, Daceyville is the “hidden garden suburb.”

  • The Commute: 10 minutes (Walk + Rail). You walk to the Juniors Kingsford stop and have a guaranteed seat as the tram starts its journey.
  • Why it Wins: It is a heritage-listed “Garden Suburb.” The streets are wide, safe, and filled with trees. It’s the best “quiet study” zone in the East.
  • 2026 Rent: Best value for money. Large rooms in shared houses average $340–$370/week.



5. Haymarket / Chinatown

The ultimate “End-of-Line” convenience for those who love the CBD.

  • The Commute: 15 minutes exactly from Chinatown Station to UNSW.
  • Why it Wins: If you work a part-time job in the city, living in Haymarket saves you time and transport costs. You’re also walking distance to the UTS Library if you need a change of scenery.
  • 2026 Rent: High demand. Studio apartments are $800+, but 4-bedroom student shares often have rooms for $400/week.



2026 Transport Comparison Table

SuburbRail LineTravel Time to UNSW2026 “Vibe”
RandwickL25 minsVillage / Academic
Surry HillsL2/L312 minsTrendy / Urban
Moore ParkL2/L38 minsActive / Green
DaceyvilleL310 minsHeritage / Quiet
HaymarketL2/L315 mins24/7 City Life

1. Bunnerong Road (The “Security Anchor”)

In 2026, the section of Bunnerong Road bordering the Kingsford Nine Ways Click to open side panel for more information is arguably the safest pocket in the suburb.

  • Why it’s Safe: It is the home of Scape Kingsford, a massive 2026-standard PBSA (Purpose-Built Student Accommodation). This building provides 24/7 security patrols, a concierge, and the Sonder Safety App for all residents, creating a “safety halo” for the entire block.
  • The Vibe: High-tech, well-lit, and constantly monitored.
  • Proximity: A 1-minute walk to the L3 Light Rail terminus.



2. Forsyth Street

Forsyth Street has become a favorite for 2026 international students seeking a quiet, residential atmosphere without sacrificing safety.

  • Why it’s Safe: It is primarily residential with a high concentration of established families. 2026 rental reviews consistently highlight the “quiet and secure” nature of the shared houses here. Most apartment buildings on this street feature secure basement parking and intercom-only access.
  • The Vibe: Peaceful, leafy, and neighborly.
  • Proximity: 10 minutes to the UNSW Upper Campus gates.



3. Willis Street

Located on the “University Side” of Anzac Parade, Willis Street is one of the most monitored streets in Kingsford.

  • Why it’s Safe: Due to its density of student rentals, it is a key route for UNSW Protective Services vehicles. In early 2026, new LED street lighting was installed along the entire length of the street, specifically to improve night-time safety for students walking from the library.
  • The Vibe: Academic and busy during the day, but strictly “Student-Only” at night.
  • Proximity: A flat 5-7 minute walk to campus.



4. Meeks Street

Meeks Street offers a blend of convenience and security, specifically for those living in its modern apartment complexes.

  • Why it’s Safe: The streetscape has been refreshed in 2026 with upgraded pedestrian crossings. Most buildings (like 61-63 Meeks St) are “Security Blocks” with multi-point swipe card entry, which is the gold standard for avoiding opportunistic theft.
  • The Vibe: Urban and modern.
  • Proximity: Perfectly positioned between the Light Rail and the campus.



5. Strachan Street

Strachan Street is the “Hidden Gem” of 2026 safety.

  • Why it’s Safe: It is located away from the late-night noise of the Anzac Parade eateries but close enough to benefit from the general student traffic. It has a high “eyes-on-the-street” count because it connects major residential areas to the Light Rail station.
  • The Vibe: Traditional Kingsford character with a safe, community feel.
  • Proximity: 4 minutes to the Juniors Kingsford Light Rail stop.



2026 Safety vs. Social Matrix

Street NameSafety RatingNight Foot TrafficBest For…
Bunnerong RdElite (24/7 Guards)High1st-year International Students
Forsyth StHigh (Quiet)LowPostgraduates & Research Students
Willis StVery High (Patrolled)MediumLate-night Library studiers
Meeks StHigh (Tech-Secure)MediumGroup Housing/Flatshares
Strachan StModerate-HighMediumCommuters using Light Rail

1. The 2026 Weekly Cost Breakdown

In 2026, “rent” is only about 75% of your actual housing expense in a private share house.

Expense (Weekly)Kingsford Share HousePBSA (e.g., Scape/Iglu)
Base Rent$380 – $460$719 – $850
Utilities (Electricity/Water)$25 – $40$0 (Included)
High-Speed Wi-Fi$10 – $15$0 (Included)
Gym Membership$20 – $30$0 (Included on-site)
Furniture Amortization$10 (Upfront cost)$0 (Included)
Total Effective Cost$445 – $555$719 – $850



2. Share Houses: The “Effort” Discount

Living in a private share house in Kingsford remains the cheapest way to live near UNSW, but it comes with “Shadow Costs”:

  • The Furniture Trap: Most 2026 share houses are unfurnished. Expect to spend $800–$1,200 upfront on a bed, desk, and wardrobe.
  • The Bill Battlefield: In 2026, Sydney energy prices have spiked. If your housemate leaves the AC on all day, your “cheap” rent could jump by $50/week.
  • Maintenance Delay: In a private rental, fixing a broken heater can take weeks. In PBSA, there is usually a 24-hour on-site maintenance guarantee.



3. PBSA: The “Certainty” Premium

Providers like Scape Kingsford or Iglu are more expensive, but they offer financial predictability that is vital for international student visas.

  • Zero Upfront Set-up: You move in with a suitcase. The kitchen is stocked, the bed is made, and the Wi-Fi is active the second you arrive.
  • Free Value-Adds: In 2026, many PBSAs include free weekday breakfast and professional networking events. If you eat the provided breakfast, you save roughly $40/week on groceries.
  • Security & Package Safety: With “porch piracy” rising in 2026, the secure parcel lockers in PBSA buildings save you the cost and stress of stolen deliveries.



4. The “12-Month” Verdict

  • Short-Term (1-2 Trimesters): PBSA wins. The upfront costs of furnishing a share house make it more expensive for short stays.
  • Long-Term (Full Degree):Share House wins. Over 3 years, the $200/week difference adds up to over $30,000 in savings, which far outweighs the cost of furniture and bills.

1. The 2026 “Value Zones” in Kensington

To stay under $700, avoid the new “glass towers” on Anzac Parade. Instead, target these three residential pockets where older 1970s–1990s brick units offer better value:

  • The “Doncaster Pocket”: Streets like Doncaster Avenue and Day Avenue have older low-rise blocks where 1-bed units often sit between $620 – $680/week.
  • The “Parkside Edge”: Look toward Alison Road and Kensington Road. While near the light rail, the older buildings furthest from the station offer a “distance discount.”
  • The “Southern Border”: Near Gardeners Road, prices drop significantly. You can find renovated 1-bedroom units for $650/week that would cost $800 near the university gates.



2. 2026 Market Data Snapshot

Apartment Type2026 Median RentAvailability Under $700
New Luxury Studio$850 – $9500%
Older 1-Bed Unit$69045% of listings
Furnished Executive$900+0%
Unfurnished Flat$630 – $680High



3. The “Fast-Track” Application Hack

In 2026, 1-bedroom apartments under $700 are often leased within 48 hours of the first inspection.

  • The 2Apply/Snug Prep: Ensure your profile on 2Apply or Snug is 100% complete before the inspection. Upload your 2026 digital bank feeds and your UNSW Confirmation of Enrolment (CoE).
  • The “Pre-Inspection” Application: If you see a unit listed for $650, apply immediately before the Saturday viewing. Landlords in 2026 favor “Ready-to-Go” tenants who show high intent.
  • The Rent Advance: While you cannot “bid” higher on rent in NSW, you can offer to pay 3 or 4 months in advance. In a competitive 2026 market, this significantly lowers the landlord’s risk profile.



4. Hidden Gems: University-Owned Units

Check the UNSW Off-Campus Housing portal daily. The university owns several older 1-bedroom blocks in Kensington specifically for students.

  • Price Cap: These units are often “rent-controlled” or capped at $600 – $650/week to support student affordability.
  • Safety: These are the safest options, as they are integrated with the UNSW SafeZone security network.

5. Red Flags: The “Scam Buffer”

If you see a 1-bedroom apartment in Kensington for under $450/week in 2026, it is almost certainly a scam.The 2026 Reality: Even the most basic 1-bed units have a floor price of $550. Anything lower is likely a “room in a sharehouse” disguised as an apartment or a fraudulent listing.

1. The “Rent Cliff”: Kingsford vs. The 390X South

The “Rent Cliff” is a 2026 phenomenon where prices drop sharply once you move past the Juniors Kingsford Light Rail terminus. Because the 390X is an express service, the “time cost” of moving south is minimal compared to the massive financial gain.

Location (March 2026)Avg. Room PriceCommute to UNSW (390X)Monthly Rent Saving
Kingsford / Kensington$495/week0–5 mins (Walk)$0
Maroubra Junction$380/week6 mins (Express)$460
Matraville / Chifley$335/week11 mins (Express)$640
Little Bay$310/week15 mins (Express)$740



2. Why the 390X is the 2026 “Student Express”

Unlike standard buses, the 390X is designed for speed and volume:

  • 24/7 Service: In 2026, the 390X operates 24 hours a day, 7 days a week. This means you can stay late at the library or a party in the city and still get home safely without paying for an Uber.
  • Bendy Bus Capacity: As of March 2026, the NSW Government has deployed 50 new articulated “bendy” buses specifically to high-demand routes like the 333 and 390X, meaning you’ll almost always get a seat during peak hour.
  • Express Stops: It skips the smaller, slower stops, hitting only the major hubs like Maroubra Junction, UNSW Gate 2, and Bondi Junction.



3. Top 3 “Budget Hubs” Along the Route

A. Matraville (The Sweet Spot)

Matraville has become the 2026 favorite for international students. It offers a “suburban village” feel with a major Woolworths and a high concentration of affordable shared houses.

  • Safety: Very high. It’s a family-oriented area with well-lit main roads.
  • Commute: 11 minutes to UNSW High St.


B. Little Bay (The Coastal Retreat)

If you want to live in a modern apartment for an older-house price, Little Bay is the answer.

  • The Deal: Many 2020-era luxury apartments here are now more affordable than older units in Kingsford because of the distance from the CBD.
  • Commute: 15–18 minutes to UNSW.


C. Maroubra Junction (The Middle Ground)

The “Junction” is a major transport interchange. You save money by being just far enough from campus to avoid the “Kensington Premium,” but you’re still within walking distance of the beach.



4. The “Opal Hack” 2026

Living further out actually helps you hit your Opal Weekly Travel Cap faster.

  • The Strategy: By taking the 390X daily, you hit your cap by Thursday. This means all your weekend travel—to Bondi, the Blue Mountains, or the CBD—is effectively free.
  • Student Concession: In 2026, the student Opal fare is still 50% cheaper than adult fares, making the commute cost negligible (~$12–$15 per week) compared to the $100+ you save in rent.

1. The “Ghost Listing” & AI Deepfakes

In 2026, scammers no longer just use blurry photos; they use high-definition “scraped” footage from luxury short-stay sites.

  • The Red Flag: A price that is 20-40% below the market average for the area (e.g., a modern 1-bed in Haymarket for $450/week—the 2026 average is $750+).
  • The AI Twist: Scammers may send you a voice note or a “video tour” where the voice sounds perfectly natural but refuses to do a live Zoom/WhatsApp call.
  • The Fix: Demand a live walkthrough. If they claim “the current tenant is sleeping” or “I’m currently interstate,” it is 100% a scam.



2. The “Pre-Screening” Identity Theft

A rising 2026 trend involves stealing your data before even asking for money.

  • The Scam: A landlord asks for your Passport copy, Bank Statements, and TFN (Tax File Number) just to “book a viewing.”
  • The Reality: In NSW, you should never provide a sensitive ID until after you have viewed the property and are submitting a formal application through a secure portal (like Snug or 2Apply).
  • The Risk: This data is sold on the dark web or used to take out fraudulent loans in your name.



3. The NSW “Name and Shame” Register

Launched in early 2026, the NSW Fair Trading Name and Shame Register is your most powerful tool.

  • How to Use it: Before signing, search the agent or landlord’s name on the NSW Government website.
  • What it lists: Public warnings, license cancellations, and prosecution outcomes for rogue real estate agents and “high-risk” traders. If your agent appears here, walk away immediately.



4. Untraceable Payment Demands

Legitimate Sydney landlords and agents will never ask for payments via:

  • Cryptocurrency (Bitcoin/Ethereum)
  • Gift Cards (Amazon/iTunes)
  • International Wire Transfers (Western Union/MoneyGram) to a personal name.
  • Digital Vouchers (Neosurf/Transcash)
  • The 2026 Standard: All deposits (Bonds) must be lodged directly with NSW Rental Bonds Online. If they ask you to transfer the bond to their “personal account” to “hold the room,” it is illegal.



5. The “Live Inspection” Hack

If you are still overseas, do not trust “official-looking” documents alone.

  • Google Maps Cross-Check: Check the “Street View” date. If the building in the photo is a 20-story tower but Google Maps shows a 2-story house from 2025, the listing is fake.
  • The “Friend” Test: If you don’t have friends in Sydney, hire a local Inspection Service. For ~$60–$100, a local will visit the property, take a live video, and verify the person holding the keys is the actual agent.



2026 Scam vs. Legit Comparison

FeatureScam Red FlagsLegit 2026 Process
PriceToo good to be trueAligns with 2026 market rates
CommunicationWhatsApp only; no voice callsProfessional email and phone calls
ViewingExcuses (Owner is overseas)Live video or in-person tours
BondTransfer to “Private Account”Lodged with Rental Bonds Online
Urgency“Must pay in 1 hour”Standard 24–48h application window

1. The 2026 Price & Contract Clash

The “Premium” isn’t just about the room; it’s about what is included in the weekly rate and the flexibility of the lease.

Feature (March 2026)Scape KingsfordUNSW Village
Weekly Rent (Shared)$709 – $769$420 – $480
Studio Apartment$819 – $959$565 – $625
Contract LengthFlexible (20, 44, or 52 weeks)Rigid (48 or 50 weeks)
Waitlist StatusUsually available for late bookingsHigh Demand (Often full by Oct 2025)



2. Why Scape Kingsford Charges More

Scape is a private, “resort-style” provider. In 2026, that $250 extra buys you:

  • The Lifestyle Suite: A rooftop terrace with BBQ pods, a cinema room, a high-end gym, and a massive games lounge.
  • Free Weekday Breakfast: A huge perk for international students that can save you ~$50/week on groceries.
  • Air Conditioning: Scape Kingsford features full, resident-controlled AC. Many older rooms at the Village rely on ceiling fans or natural ventilation.
  • Weekly Events: From professional networking nights to weekend trips, the social calendar is significantly more funded than university-run housing.



3. Why UNSW Village Still Wins on Value

Despite being “older,” the Village remains the #1 choice for “street-smart” students:

  • “Rolling Out of Bed”: You are literally on campus. No light rail or bus needed to get to your 9:00 AM lecture.
  • The $12,000 Saving: Over a 48-week contract, the $250/week difference adds up to $12,000 AUD. That is enough to cover a full trimester of tuition or a year of premium travel.
  • Large Community: With over 1,000 residents, the “Village Vibe” is famously social and less “corporate” than Scape.



4. The “Waitlist” Reality Check

In March 2026, the decision might be made for you.

  • UNSW Village typically fills up 4–6 months before the intake. If you are applying late, you are almost guaranteed to be on a waitlist.
  • Scape Kingsford is a larger precinct and often has “last-minute” studio availability, though you pay for the privilege of that availability.



5. Safety & Commute (Kingsford Hub)

  • Commute: Scape Kingsford is about an 18-minute walk (1.2km) to the main UNSW library or a 3-minute Light Rail ride.
  • Security: Both offer 24/7 security. However, Scape’s “Tech-Integrated” security (app-based entry/concierge) feels more like a modern hotel, while the Village uses traditional swipe/patrol security.

1. The Noise & Crowds

In 2026, the most significant reason to avoid living directly on George Street isn’t crime—it’s overstimulation.

  • 24/7 Activity: With the Light Rail running into the early hours and the pedestrianization of George Street North completed in early 2026, there is no “quiet time.”
  • Special Entertainment Precincts: New 2026 laws have designated areas around George St as “Special Entertainment Precincts,” allowing bars to trade later with louder music. This makes it a difficult place for students to study or sleep.



2. The “Southern End” Effect

While the Circular Quay (North) end is upscale and touristy, the Southern End (near Town Hall and Central Station) becomes significantly “sketchier” after 11 PM.

  • The “Town Hall Crowd”: As one of Sydney’s most frequent sites for demonstrations and protests (like the February 2026 Consulate alerts), the area can become unpredictable.
  • Alcohol-Induced Crime: Despite Sydney’s reputation as a safe city, George Street remains a hotspot for “rowdy” behavior, drink-spiking risks, and opportunistic petty theft near fast-food outlets and late-night bars.




3. Safety Hotspots to Watch (March 2026)

If you are walking George Street after dark, be aware of these specific zones:

  • Belmore Park (Central Station): Continues to be cited by locals as “sketchy” late at night. Stick to the Grand Concourse inside the station rather than the park perimeter.
  • Event Square (George & Bathurst): High density of people often leads to “bump-and-grab” phone thefts.
  • Light Rail Crossings: In 2026, pedestrian-tram accidents remain a concern. Alcohol-impaired judgment near the silent Light Rail tracks is a major safety risk.



4. 2026 Safety vs. 2019: What’s Changed?

  • Gentrification: George Street is statistically safer than it was a decade ago. The removal of cars has made the street more “visible” and open.
  • Police Presence: There is a heavy, visible police presence (including the “PrideVis” security initiative) and a 40km/h (or 30km/h in some zones) speed limit for any remaining vehicle traffic.



5. How to Stay Safe on George Street

If you must live or travel here after dark:

  1. Walk the “Main Spine”: Do not take shortcuts through side alleys (like the lanes near Haymarket) which are poorly lit.
  2. Use the SafeZone App: All major Sydney universities (USyd, UTS, UNSW) have George Street in their “Extended Safety Zone” for student monitoring.
  3. The “Guard Compartment” Rule: If taking the train from Town Hall or Central after midnight, sit in the carriage with the blue light (the Guard’s compartment).